Bronchospasm

Bronchospasm is a condition characterized  by temporary narrowing of the airways which is caused by contraction of the muscles in the lung walls, by inflammation of the lung lining, or by a combination of both.^[1] Mild bronchospasm symptoms may resolve without any treatment, but a severe bronchospasm may require emergency medical care.^[2]

Cause

Bronchospasm can occur due to spasm in the smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles, an inflammation of the airways or when there is excessive production of sputum (mucus) due to an allergic reaction or possible irritation caused by mechanical friction of air (due to shear stress), overcooling or drying of airways (during exercise induced asthma). ^[3] Usual cause of bronchospasm is asthma. Allergens like pollen, food, dust, perfume and animal dander may also trigger bronchospasm. Upper respiratory infections and stress are other contributing factors.  Irritant substances like smoke and sprays may also cause bronchospasm. ^[4]

Symptoms

Symptoms include difficulty breathing which may be mild or severe, wheezing (high-pitched whistle made when the patient is trying to breathe in and out), coughing, and (shortness of breath).^[3] Chest tightness may also be felt by the patients.^[4]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is often made from medical history and physical exam. Chest x-ray may reveal little if any change from normal.^[1]

Treatment

Inhalers that act as bronchodilators are used to relieve the symptoms. Some of the prescription drugs are albuterol, bitolterol and isoetharine. Anti-inflmmatory drugs like corticosteroids may be given to treat inflammation. ^[4]

Physical exercise with nose breathing is the one of the most beneficial lifestyle factors that leads to  gradual increase in stores of body oxygen. Nose breathing at exercise also prevents exercise-induced asthma. These downbeat effects of mouth breathing that causes bronchospasm.^[3]

Avoid triggers to prevent bronchospasm. Those who experience exercise-induced asthma should limit exercise. When food allergy is the cause, one should avoid the offending food and those who regularly contract respiratory infections should improve their immune status. ^[5] Other way  to reduce bronchospasm symptoms is to increase intake of omega fatty acids, pineapple extract and butterbur (herb grown in Europe). Buteko breathing technique developed by a Russian researcher is also advised.^[4]

References:

1. http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/591/main.html
2. http://www.livestrong.com/article/240577-bronchospasm-symptoms/
3. http://www.normalbreathing.com/d/bronchospasm.php
4. http://www.healthresource4u.com/bronchospasm-causes-pictures-symptoms-treatment.html
5. http://www.ehow.com/way_5157679_bronchospasm-prevention.html