Everyone Healthy Library
Prostate Cancer
Condition / disease reference page from the Everyone Healthy database.
Connected health information
Explore this condition in a clear order
Condition overview
Attributes
Commonalityis rare
Genderis M
Incidenceis approximately 1 in 1,316 people
Linked signs and symptoms
8Each sign/symptom opens its own page and links back to related conditions.
Linked drugs / medications
10Medication information is educational only. A doctor or pharmacist should advise whether any medicine is appropriate.
Treatments, therapies and supportive options
34Grouped by treatment type. These are educational database links, not personal treatment recommendations. Evidence labels are shown only where stored in the EH database.
Surgery
3Medical therapy
4Alternative and complementary therapies
10- Flax Seed OilWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Green TeaWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Gan Cao)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Milk ThistleWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- PC-Hope (PC-Care, PC-Plus, Prostasol)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Pokeweed Antiviral Protein (PAP)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Rabdosia Rubescens (Dong Ling Cao, Oridonin, Isodon Rubescens)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Saw Palmetto ExtractNo Recommendation(Low Evidence)
- Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda, Simoncini Cancer Therapy)No Recommendation(Moderate Evidence)
- Sodium Bicarbonate Paste (Baking Soda)No Recommendation(Moderate Evidence)
Alternative medicine
7- Flax Seed OilWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Green TeaWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Gan Cao)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Milk ThistleWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Pokeweed Antiviral Protein (PAP)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Rabdosia Rubescens (Dong Ling Cao, Oridonin, Isodon Rubescens)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Saw Palmetto ExtractNo Recommendation(Low Evidence)
Alternative therapies
1Vitamins and minerals
5Vitamins
2Minerals
1Linked diagnostic tests and investigations
40These are pulled from both EH diagnostic-test link tables, including the older large test-link table.
- Acid Phosphatase Concentration
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) Concentration
- Antithrombin 111 (AT-111) Activity Test
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Concentration
- Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose Concentration
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentration
- Cerebrospinal Fluid White Cell Differential
- Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
- Creatine Kinase Concentration
- D-Dimer Blood Test
- Euglobulin Lysis Time (Fibrinolysis Time)
- Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products, FSPs, Fibrin Breakdown Products, Fbps)
- Fibrin Monomers Test
- Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) Action Assay
- Folic Acid (Folate) Concentration
- haptoglobin (Hp) concentration
- Iron Concentration
- Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
- Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Concentration
- Lupus Anticoagulant Test
- magnetic Resonance Angiogram (MRA)
- Plasma Cell Concentration Test
- Platelet Count
- Potassium Concentration (K, Blood)
- proctoscopy
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test
- Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Thyroid Stimulating Horomone (TSH) Concentration
- Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration
- Transrectal Ultrasound
- Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine Uptake Test
- Ultrasound
- Urine Crystal Concentration
- Urine Volume
- Vitamin B12 (VB12) Concentration
Biological and test markers
34This visual map uses existing EH database links to show biological agents and lab markers reported as increased, decreased, or associated with this condition. These are educational relationships only; test results must be interpreted by a qualified clinician because ranges vary by lab, method, age, sex and clinical context.
Often increased
22- Acid PhosphataseReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y), Male: 8.7–12.5 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 2.2–10.4 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Acid Phosphatase Concentration
- Alpha-1 Antintrypsin (AAT)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 90–215 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) Concentration
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 10–25 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 10–35 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Concentration
- Blood Urea NitrogenReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–18 mg/dL; Child (< 10y): 5–15 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- Cerebrospinal Fluid LeukocytesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–5 /µL; 1y - 6y: 0–20 /µLLinked diagnostic tests1Cerebrospinal Fluid White Cell Differential
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Neutrophil DifferentialReference range exampleAll: 0–5 %Linked diagnostic tests1Cerebrospinal Fluid White Cell Differential
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Total ProteinReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 15–45 mg/dL; Child (< 10y): 15–70 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentration
- Creatine Kinase1 (CK-BB) IsoenzymeReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–1 %Linked diagnostic tests1Creatine Kinase Concentration
- D-DimerReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–240 µg/LLinked diagnostic tests1D-Dimer Blood Test
- Fibrin MonomersReference range example0–10,000 µg/LLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrin Monomers Test
- Fibrin Split ProductsReference range exampleAll: 0–1 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products
- Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0.7–3.1 mg/mL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 0.35–2.5 mg/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) Action Assay
- Gamma Globulin (Blood, Serum)Reference range exampleAll: 0.8–1.7 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- haptoglobin (Hp)Reference range example45–200 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1haptoglobin (Hp) concentration
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 120–250 units/L; Adult ( > 16y): 100–200 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
- Plasma CellsLinked diagnostic tests1Plasma Cell Concentration Test
- PlateletsReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 150–450 109/L; Adult ( > 16y): 135–380 109/LLinked diagnostic tests1Platelet Count
- Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Male: 0–3.8 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test
- Thyroid Stimulating Horomone (TSH)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0.021–0.11 µg/dL; Newborn (0 - 1month): 0.04–0.19 µg/dLLinked diagnostic tests2Thyroid Stimulating Horomone (TSH) Concentration, Urine B2 Microglobulin Concentration
- Triiodothyronine Uptake PercentageReference range exampleAll: 25–38 %Linked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine Uptake Test
- Triple Phosphate Crystals (Urine)Reference range exampleAll: 0–1 Not PresentLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Crystal Concentration
- Uric Acid, BloodReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 2.5–7 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 4–8 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test
Often decreased
12- Antithrombin 111 (AT-111)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 90–110 %Linked diagnostic tests1Antithrombin 111 (AT-111) Activity Test
- Folic Acid (Folate)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 14–51 ng/mL; Child (0 - 16y): 5–21 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Folic Acid (Folate) Concentration
- Glucose (Cerebrospinal Fluid)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 65–85 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y): 50–72 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose Concentration
- IronReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 50–120 µg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Female: 50–150 µg/dLLinked diagnostic tests2Iron Concentration, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
- Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–125 mg/dL; 6y - 16y: 0–100 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Concentration
- Plasma Clot Lysis TimeReference range exampleAll: 120–600 MinutesLinked diagnostic tests1Euglobulin Lysis Time (Fibrinolysis Time)
- Potassium (K, Blood)AbbreviationKReference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 4.1–5.3 mEq/L; Child (0 - 16y): 3.4–4.7 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Potassium Concentration (K, Blood)
- Thyroxine (Total T4)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 6–12 µg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 5–12 µg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Free T3)Reference range example2.7–4.9 pg/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Total T3)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 1.1–2.43 ng/mL; Adult ( > 16y): 1–2.1 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration
- UrineReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 4.5–7.5; Child (0 - 16y): 500–1,400 mLLinked diagnostic tests5Urine Colour, Urine Creatinine Concentration
- Vitamin B12 (VB12)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 130–670 pmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Vitamin B12 (VB12) Concentration
Other associated markers
0No markers in this group.
Introduction / full article
Prostate Cancer
Efficacy of Alternative and Other Treatments According to GRADE* Ranking:
Vitamin E [1, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help in preventing some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. Please note, this acts as a PREVENTATIVE treatment, and not necessarily symptomatic relief. This vitamin can have harmful effects if taken in doses higher than 100% of the recommended daily allowance.
Recommendation: Weakly in favor (Some trials have shown that vitamin E may help lower the risk of developing prostate cancer. However, other trials have shown no effect. More studies are needed.)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Vitamin D [1, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help in preventing some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. Please note, this acts as a PREVENTATIVE treatment, and not necessarily symptomatic relief. This vitamin can have harmful effects if taken in doses higher than 100% of the recommended daily allowance.
Recommendation: Weakly in favor (Studies have shown that a higher intake of Vitamin D may help to treat symptoms of bone pain in patients with prostate cancer. However, these results are not fully reliable, and more studies are needed)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Vitamin C [1, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help in preventing some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. Please note, this acts as a PREVENTATIVE treatment, and not necessarily symptomatic relief.
Recommendation: No recommendation (Observational and clinical trials have not shown any evidence that vitamin C has a protective or treatment effect on cancer or chronic diseases)
Grade of Evidence: moderate quality of evidence
Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda, Simoncini Cancer Therapy) [1, 47, 48]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: No recommendation (Available evidence does not support claims that baking soda helps to treat cancer in any way.)
Grade of Evidence: moderate quality of evidence
Saw Palmetto Extract [1, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. Palmetto extract may cause side effects, though these are uncommon. They may include headache, vomiting, dizziness, constipation, diarrhoea, insomnia or fatigue. Long term effects have not yet been researched.
Recommendation: No recommendation (Available evidence does not support claims that saw palmetto helps to treat prostatitis.)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense) [1, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: weakly in favor (Early studies show that Red Clover might help in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, this was not a fully reliable study, and further research is needed)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Rabdosia Rubescens (Dong Ling Cao, Oridonin, Isodon Rubescens) [1, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: weakly in favor (Laboratory studies show that rabdosia rubescens has anti-cancer activity, and may be helpful in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, more studies are needed)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Pokeweed Antiviral Protein (PAP) [1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. Warning! All parts of the plant, Pokeweed (Phytolacca Americana), is poisonous and should not be ingested. Thoroughly cooking the plant reduces that toxicity. The effects of the improperly prepared plant include vomiting, diarrhoea, cramps, headache, confusion, convulstions, low blood pressure, heart block and death. Only plant extracts (PAP) or thoroughly prepared plants should be ingested, and even then, under professional medical guidance.
Recommendation: weakly in favor (Laboratory studies show that PAP may hold promise in the treatment of prostate cancer, but more clinical trials are needed)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Phytochemicals (Antioxidants) [1, 19, 20, 21]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: no recommendation (Laboratory studies show that phytochemical supplements have some anti-cancer activity. However, more studies are needed as no trials have been done on humans. A balanced diet with fruit, vegetables, and grain is recommended to prevent illness until further research is done.)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
PC-Hope (PC-Care, PC-Plus, Prostasol):
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. Important: Side effects of PC-Spes include breast growth, nipple pain, and decreased libido. Side effects of PC-Hope are reported to be similar.
Recommendation: weakly in favor (Clinical trials on a precurser of PC-Care, called PC-Spes have shown very positive results in the treatment and care of prostate cancer patients. PC-Spes, however has been withdrawn from the market, and replaced by PC-Hope. Because PC-Hope and PC-Spes are reported to be very similar, their effects might be the same, but it will probably take a few years before clinical research can properly verify this. Laboratory research so far has yielded positive results.)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Milk Thistle [1, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: weakly in favor (Early laboratory studies support claims that Milk Thistle helps slow tumor growth in prostate cancer. However, more research is needed to see if these results also apply to humans)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Licorice (Glcyrhiz Gaba) [1, 10, 11, 12, 13]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. Licorice has been shown to have potentially harmful side effects in people with high blood pressure, liver or kidney diseases)
Recommendation: Weakly in favor (Small studies and laboratory tests show that Licorice may help reduce tumor growth in prostate cancer, but more research is needed)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Green Tea [1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: Weakly in favor (Laboratory studies have shown promise with regards to the prevention of prostate cancer with green tea, but very few reliable clinical trials have been done. More research is needed.)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Flaxseed Oil [1, 2, 3, 4]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: weakly in favor (Evidence shows that flaxseed oil may reduce the formation, growth or spread of prostate cancer)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
* www.gradeworkinggroup.org
Summary References
Treatments:
1. Ades T, Alteri R, Gansler T, Yeargin P, "Complete Guide to Complimentary & Alternative Cancer Therapies", American Cancer Society, Atlanta USA, 2009
2. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/flaxseed
3. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-flaxseed.html
4. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/flaxseed/index.htm
5. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/green-tea
6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968850
7. http://www.denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_4326770
8. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-green_tea.html
9. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/greentea/index.htm
10. Winston, David; Steven Maimes (2007). Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief. Healing Arts Press.
11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15190039
12. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/licoriceroot/
13. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-licorice.html.
14. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/milk-thistle
15. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/milkthistle/ataglance.htm
16. Kroll DJ, Shaw HS, Oberlies NH.(2007). Milk thistle nomenclature: why it matters in cancer research and pharmacokinetic studies. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 6: 110-119.
17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16279916
18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14506392
19. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/phytochemicals
20. http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/LabelClaims/QualifiedHealthClaims/ucm073992.htm
21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20216418
22. http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.info?p_psn=12&p_type=all&p_sci=sci&p_x=px
23. http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytolacca+americana
24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/315368
25. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002874.htm
26. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/pokeweed
27. http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/nd/Search.aspx?fs=ND&pt=100&id=1140&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
28. http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/4/4/578.abstract
29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15586232
30. http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1140-RABDOSIA RUBESCENS.aspx?activeIngredientId=1140&activeIngredientName=RABDOSIA RUBESCENS
31. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/rabdosia-rubescens
32. http://alternativehealing.org/dong_ling_cao.htm
33. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/redclover/
34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19609225
35. http://www.babyhopes.com/articles/natural-fertility-boosters.html
36. http://indigo-herbs.co.uk/acatalog/Red_Clover_Flowers_Info.html
37. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/trifolium_pratense.html
38. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/red-clover
39. http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69350.cfm
40. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/saw-palmetto
41. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/palmetto/
42. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-sawpalmetto.html
43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12137626
44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467543
45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18423748
46. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/saw-palmetto/NS_patient-sawpalmetto
47. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/sodium-bicarbonate
48. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682001.html
49. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/vitamin-c
50. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-vitaminc.html
51. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminc.html
52. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002145.htm
53. http://nccam.nih.gov/research/results/spotlight/070106.htm
54. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec12/ch154/ch154i.html?qt=vitamin c&alt=sh
55. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006164/frame.html
56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10824056
57. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcb.10338/abstract
58. http://pain-topics.org/pdf/vitamind-report.pdf
59. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1185/030079908X253519
60. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/article756975.ece
61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697
62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065602
63. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamind.html
64. http://nccam.nih.gov/news/alerts/vitamine/vitamine.htm
65. http://nccam.nih.gov/research/results/spotlight/070106.htm
66. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamine.html
67. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/76/4/703
68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586922/?tool=pmcentrez
69. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine.asp#h3