Everyone Healthy Library
Acute Renal Failure
Also Known As: Acute Kidney Failure
Condition / disease reference page from the Everyone Healthy database.
Connected health information
Explore this condition in a clear order
Condition overview
Attributes
Commonalityis common
Incidenceis approximately 1 in 1,000 people
Linked signs and symptoms
27Each sign/symptom opens its own page and links back to related conditions.
- Appetite Loss (Anorexia)
- Blood in Urine (Hematuria)
- Blood Pressure Below Normal (Hypotension)
- Blood: Potassium Elevated (Hyperkalaemia)
- Breath Shortness (Dyspnoea)
- Chest Pain
- Coma
- Dizziness
- Fluid Retention
- Head Rush Or A Dizzy Spell (Orthostatic Hypotension)
- Heart or Pulse Rate Raised (Tachycardia)
- Lung Fluid Accumulation (Oedema Pulmonary)
- Mind: Confusion
- Muscle Jerks
- Muscle Reflex Overactivity (Hyperreflexia)
- Nausea
- No Urine Output (anuria)
- Pain: Chest
- Plasma Creatinine Increased
- Plasma Urea Increased
- Seizures
- Skin Itching Generalized
- Swelling (Oedema, Edema)
- Urine Output Decreased (Oliguria)
- Vomiting
- Weakness
- Weight Gain (Body Mass Index Raised)
Linked drugs / medications
3Medication information is educational only. A doctor or pharmacist should advise whether any medicine is appropriate.
Treatments, therapies and supportive options
10Grouped by treatment type. These are educational database links, not personal treatment recommendations. Evidence labels are shown only where stored in the EH database.
Medical therapy
4Lifestyle changes
1Medical emergencies
1Linked diagnostic tests and investigations
60These are pulled from both EH diagnostic-test link tables, including the older large test-link table.
- abdominal Ultrasound Exam
- Acid Phosphatase Concentration
- Ammonia Concentration Test
- amylase concentration
- Angiogram
- Anion Gap
- Ankle-Brachial Index
- Apolipoprotein B Concentration
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Concentration
- Bleeding Time (Ivy Method)
- Blood pH Test
- Blood Tests
- Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- C-Peptide Concentration Test
- Calcium Concentration (Blood, Total)
- Carbon Dioxide Total Content (TCO2)
- Chloride Concentration (Blood)
- Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
- Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
- Creatinine Concentration (Blood, Serum Creatinine)
- Doppler Ultrasound
- Electrocardiography (ECG)
- Erythropoietin (Ep) Concentration
- Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products, FSPs, Fibrin Breakdown Products, Fbps)
- Fibrin Monomers Test
- Gastrin Concentration
- Hemoglobin (Hb) Concentration
- High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Concentration
- Lactic Acid Concentration
- lipase concentration
- Lymphocytes Count
- Magnesium Concentration (Mg, Blood)
- magnetic Resonance Angiogram (MRA)
- Phosphate Concentration (PO4, Phosphorus)
- Potassium Concentration (K, Blood)
- Prolactin Concentration
- Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Protein S Concentration
- Sodium Concentration (Na, Blood)
- Sweat Testing
- Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration
- Triglyceride (TGs) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine Uptake Test
- Urine Albumin 24hr test
- Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Urine Chloride Concentration
- Urine Creatinine Concentration
- Urine Creatinine Concentration
- Urine Estriol (E3) Concentration
- Urine Flow Rate
- Urine glucose concentration
- Urine Granular Cast Concentration
- Urine Lysozyme Concentration
- Urine Osmolality
- Urine Oxalate Concentration (24 Hour)
- Urine Potassium (K) Concentration
- Urine Sodium Quantitative (24hr)
- Urine Test
Biological and test markers
83This visual map uses existing EH database links to show biological agents and lab markers reported as increased, decreased, or associated with this condition. These are educational relationships only; test results must be interpreted by a qualified clinician because ranges vary by lab, method, age, sex and clinical context.
Often increased
63- 1 Methylhistidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 450–3,200 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 700–8,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- 3 Methylhistidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 420–1,400 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 650–3,300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Acid PhosphataseReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y), Male: 8.7–12.5 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 2.2–10.4 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Acid Phosphatase Concentration
- Alanine (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 1,500–7,000 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 600–2,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Alpha Amino N Buryric Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–350 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 80–300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Alpha Aminoadipic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–1,700 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 240–800 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Alpha-2-Globulin (Blood, Serum)Reference range exampleAll: 0.6–1 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- AmmoniaReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–48 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Ammonia Concentration Test
- AmylaseReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 25–125 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1amylase concentration
- Anion Gap (Excluding Potassium)Reference range exampleAll: 12–20 mEq/L; All: 8–16 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Anion Gap
- Anion Gap (Including Potassium)Reference range exampleAll: 12–20 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Anion Gap
- Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 47–115 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 52–120 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Apolipoprotein B Concentration
- Arginine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 120–260 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 140–650 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Asparagine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 160–420 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 350–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Aspartic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 110–270 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 150–900 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Blank 6Linked diagnostic tests1Bence Jones Protein Count
- Blood Urea NitrogenReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–18 mg/dL; Child (< 10y): 5–15 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- C-PeptideReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0.5–2.7 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1C-Peptide Concentration Test
- Carnosine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 350–2,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 170–1,300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Chloride (Blood, Cl)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 97–106 mEq/L; Birth - 2wks: 94–106 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Chloride Concentration (Blood)
- Chloride (Sweat, Cl)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–50 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Sweat Testing
- Citrulline (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–140 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 0–100 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Creatinine (Blood)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 0.1–0.4 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Female: 0.6–1.2 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Creatinine Concentration (Blood, Serum Creatinine)
- Cystine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 120–540 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–1,200 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Fibrin MonomersReference range example0–10,000 µg/LLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrin Monomers Test
- Fibrin Split ProductsReference range exampleAll: 0–1 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products
- Forced Expiratory Volume At Three Seconds (FEV3)Reference range exampleAll: 95–100 %Linked diagnostic tests1Spirometry
- GastrinReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–120 pg/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Gastrin Concentration
- Glutamic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 135–240 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–1,100 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Glutamine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 1,600–4,000 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 3,000–10,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Glycine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 2,000–8,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 8,000–25,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Histidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 500–7,300 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 5,000–16,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Isoleucine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 40–150 µmol/L; Child (0 - 16y): 100–250 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Ketone bodies
- Lactic Acid (Venous Blood)Reference range exampleAll: 0.5–2.2 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Lactic Acid Concentration
- LipaseReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 10–140 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1lipase concentration
- Lysine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–1,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–3,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Lysozyme (Muramidase, Urine)Reference range exampleAll: 0–4 mg/24hrsLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Lysozyme Concentration
- Magnesium (Mg, Blood)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 1.3–2.6 mEq/L; Birth - 2wks: 1.4–2.2 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Magnesium Concentration (Mg, Blood)
- Methionine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 70–220 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 55–320 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Ornithine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 40–165 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 50–800 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Phenylalanine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–600 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 400–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Phosphate (PO4, Phosphorus, P)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 2.5–4.5 mg/dL; Birth - 2wks: 4.3–9.2 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Phosphate Concentration (PO4, Phosphorus)
- Phosphoethanolamine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 250–670 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 200–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Phosphoserine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 150–350 µmol/L; Child (0 - 16y): 1,000–2,200 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Potassium (K, Blood)AbbreviationKReference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 4.1–5.3 mEq/L; Child (0 - 16y): 3.4–4.7 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Potassium Concentration (K, Blood)
- ProlactinReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0–24 ng/mL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 0–19 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Prolactin Concentration
- Proline (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–1 Not PresentLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Serine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 1,000–2,200 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 2,000–7,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Sodium (Na, Sweat)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 70–90 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Sweat Testing
- Taurine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 600–9,800 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 2,700–13,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Template Bleeding TimeReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 2.5–9 MinutesLinked diagnostic tests1Bleeding Time (Ivy Method)
- Threonine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 250–1,000 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 900–3,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- TriglyceridesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 32–137 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 35–155 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests2Triglyceride (TG's) Concentration, Triglyceride (TGs) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine Uptake PercentageReference range exampleAll: 25–38 %Linked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine Uptake Test
- Tyrosine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 300–850 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 400–1,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Unrine Granular CastsReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–0 Not PresentLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Granular Cast Concentration
- Urea
- Urine AlbuminReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 30–105 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 10–145 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Albumin 24hr test
- Urine Estriol (E3)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0–60 µg/24hrs; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 1–11 µg/24hrsLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Estriol (E3) Concentration
- Urine glucoseReference range example0–2.5; Adult ( > 16y): 0–2.5 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic tests1Urine glucose concentration
- Urine SodiumReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 41–115 mmol/day; Adult ( > 16y): 40–220 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Sodium Quantitative (24hr)
- Valine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–400 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 200–750 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
Often decreased
20- Albumin (Blood)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 37–52 gm/dL; Infant (0 - 1y): 4.4–5.4 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests2Blood Albumin Concentration, Protein Electrophoresis (Blood
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 10–25 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 10–35 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Concentration
- Blood pHReference range exampleAll: 7.35–7.45Linked diagnostic tests1Blood pH Test
- Calcium (Blood, Total)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 8.5–10.4 mg/dL; Birth - 2wks: 7.6–10.3 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Calcium Concentration (Blood, Total)
- Carbon Dioxide Total Content (TCO2)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 20–27 mEq/L; Newborn (0 - 1month): 13–21 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Carbon Dioxide Total Content (TCO2)
- Creatinine Clearance RateReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 87–110 ml/minute; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 100–140 ml/minuteLinked diagnostic tests1Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
- Erythropoietin (Ep)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–36 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Erythropoietin (Ep) Concentration
- Hemoglobin (Hb)Reference range exampleFemale: 78–100 gm/dL; Male: 76–100 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests3Hemoglobin (Hb) Concentration, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Weight Test
- High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 53–500 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 45–500 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Concentration
- LymphocytesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 25–40 %; 700–3,500 cells/mm3Linked diagnostic tests2Differential White Blood Cell Count Tests, Lymphocytes Count
- Protein SReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 50–120 %; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 55–120 %Linked diagnostic tests1Protein S Concentration
- Sodium (Na, Blood)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 134–150 mEq/L; Child (0 - 16y): 136–145 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Sodium Concentration (Na, Blood)
- Thyroxine (Total T4)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 6–12 µg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 5–12 µg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Free T3)Reference range example2.7–4.9 pg/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Total T3)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 1.1–2.43 ng/mL; Adult ( > 16y): 1–2.1 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration
- UrineReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 4.5–7.5; Child (0 - 16y): 500–1,400 mLLinked diagnostic tests5Urine Colour, Urine Creatinine Concentration
- Urine ChlorideReference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 2–10 mmol/day; Child (0 - 16y): 15–14 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Chloride Concentration
- Urine OsmolalityReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 250–950 mOsm/kgLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Osmolality
- Urine OxalateReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 5–30 mg/24hrs; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 7–43 mg/24hrsLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Oxalate Concentration (24 Hour)
- Urine Potassium (K)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 25–100 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Potassium (K) Concentration
Other associated markers
0No markers in this group.
Introduction / full article
Acute Renal Failure
Risk Factors
Advanced age, underlying renal disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, connective tissue disease, trauma, bleeding, sepsis, drug overdose, recent surgery, severe dehydration