Everyone Healthy Library
Hepatitis D Infection
Also Known As: Delta Hepatitis
Condition / disease reference page from the Everyone Healthy database.
! Seek urgent medical care if warning signs appear
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Get urgent medical care now if there is any severe, sudden, rapidly worsening or worrying symptom, especially:
- chest pain, pressure or pain spreading to the arm, jaw or back
- trouble breathing, blue lips, severe wheeze or choking
- stroke-like symptoms such as face drooping, arm weakness or speech trouble
- collapse, fainting, seizure, confusion or extreme drowsiness
- severe bleeding, black stools, vomiting blood or major injury
- severe allergic reaction, swelling of the face/throat or widespread rash with breathing trouble
- severe abdominal pain, severe headache, stiff neck or sudden vision change
- signs of severe dehydration, sepsis, high fever with worsening illness, or symptoms in a baby/young child that concern you
Connected health information
Explore this condition in a clear order
Condition overview
Attributes
Commonalityis rare
Commonality for Afghanistanis rare
Commonality for Afghanistanis uncommon
Commonality for East Africais rare
Commonality for East Africais uncommon
Commonality for Pakistanis rare
Commonality for Pakistanis uncommon
Commonality for South Africais rare
Commonality for South Africais uncommon
Commonality for Sub Saharan Africais rare
Commonality for Sub Saharan Africais uncommon
Commonality for Third World Countriesis rare
Commonality for Third World Countriesis uncommon
Commonality for Zimbabweis rare
Commonality for Zimbabweis uncommon
Linked signs and symptoms
8Each sign/symptom opens its own page and links back to related conditions.
Linked drugs / medications
0No linked drugs are listed yet.
Treatments, therapies and supportive options
13Grouped by treatment type. These are educational database links, not personal treatment recommendations. Evidence labels are shown only where stored in the EH database.
Surgery
1Medical therapy
3Lifestyle changes
3Alternative and complementary therapies
1Vitamins and minerals
1Minerals
1Linked diagnostic tests and investigations
60These are pulled from both EH diagnostic-test link tables, including the older large test-link table.
- Acid Phosphatase Concentration
- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Concentration
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) Concentration
- Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, Serum AFP, Blood)
- Ammonia Concentration Test
- amylase concentration
- Antithrombin 111 (AT-111) Activity Test
- Apolipoprotein A Concentration
- Apolipoprotein B Concentration
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Concentration
- Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Albumin Concentration
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentration
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Electrophoresis
- Cerebrospinal Fluid White Cell Differential
- Cholesterol Concentration
- Cholinesterase (Serum Acetylcholinesterase, Pseudocholinesterase)
- Coagulation Factor Assay (Blood Clotting Factors)
- Creatine Kinase Concentration
- D-Dimer Blood Test
- Eosinophils Count
- Fecal Urobilinogen Concentration
- Ferritin Concentration
- Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products, FSPs, Fibrin Breakdown Products, Fbps)
- Fibrin Monomers Test
- Fibrinogen Concentration test
- Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) Action Assay
- Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Concentration
- Glucagon Concentration Test
- Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Concentration
- haptoglobin (Hp) concentration
- High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Concentration
- Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
- lipase concentration
- Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Concentration
- Lymphocytes Count
- Monocyte Absolute Count
- Neutrophil Absolute Count
- Phenylketonuria Test
- Plasminogen Activity
- Potassium Concentration (K, Blood)
- Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Prothrombin Time (PT)
- Thyroglobulin (Tg) Concentration
- Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration
- Thyroxine Binding Globulin Concentration (TBG, Thyroid Binding Globulin, Blood)
- Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine Uptake Test
- Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Urine Amylase Excretion Rate
- Urine bilirubin Concentration
- Urine glucose concentration
- Urine Porphyrin Concentration
- Urine Sodium Quantitative (24hr)
- Urine Urobilinogen Concentration
- Vitamin B12 (VB12) Concentration
- White Blood Cell (WBC) Count
Biological markers/agents
95This visual map shows biological markers/agents reported as increased or decreased with this condition. These are educational relationships only; test results must be interpreted by a qualified clinician because ranges vary by lab, method, age, sex and clinical context.
Often increased
71- 1 Methylhistidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 450–3,200 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 700–8,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- 3 Methylhistidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 420–1,400 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 650–3,300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Acid PhosphataseReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y), Male: 8.7–12.5 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 2.2–10.4 units/LLinked diagnostic testsAcid Phosphatase Concentration
- Alanine (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 1,500–7,000 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 600–2,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Albumin (Cerebrospinal Fluid, CSF)Reference range exampleAll: 10–35 mg/dL; All: 56–76 %Linked diagnostic testsCerebrospinal Fluid Albumin Concentration, Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Electrophoresis
- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 30–125 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 40–110 units/LLinked diagnostic testsAlkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Concentration
- Alpha Amino N Buryric Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–350 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 80–300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Alpha Aminoadipic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–1,700 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 240–800 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Alpha-1 Antintrypsin (AAT)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 90–215 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsAlpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) Concentration
- Alpha-1-Globulin (Blood, Serum)Reference range exampleAll: 0.1–0.3 gm/dLLinked diagnostic testsProtein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Alpha-Fetoprotein (Non-Pregnant, Serum)Reference range exampleAll: 5–40 ng/mLLinked diagnostic testsAlpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, Serum AFP
- AmmoniaReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–48 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsAmmonia Concentration Test
- Antithrombin 111 (AT-111)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 90–110 %Linked diagnostic testsAntithrombin 111 (AT-111) Activity Test
- Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 47–115 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 52–120 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsApolipoprotein B Concentration
- Arginine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 120–260 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 140–650 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Asparagine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 160–420 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 350–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 10–25 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 10–35 units/LLinked diagnostic testsAspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Concentration
- Aspartic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 110–270 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 150–900 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Beta GlobulinReference range exampleAll: 0.7–1.2 gm/dLLinked diagnostic testsProtein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Carnosine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 350–2,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 170–1,300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Cerebrospinal Fluid LeukocytesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–5 /µL; 1y - 6y: 0–20 /µLLinked diagnostic testsCerebrospinal Fluid White Cell Differential
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Total ProteinReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 15–45 mg/dL; Child (< 10y): 15–70 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsCerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentration
- Cholesterol (Total)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 75–180 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y): 0–190 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsCholesterol Concentration
- Citrulline (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–140 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 0–100 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Cystine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 120–540 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–1,200 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- D-DimerReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–240 µg/LLinked diagnostic testsD-Dimer Blood Test
- FerritinReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 7–140 µg/L; Adult ( > 16y), Female: 18–160 µg/LLinked diagnostic testsFerritin Concentration
- Fibrin MonomersReference range example0–10,000 µg/LLinked diagnostic testsFibrin Monomers Test
- Fibrin Split ProductsReference range exampleAll: 0–1 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsFibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products
- FibrinogenReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 150–400 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsFibrinogen Concentration test
- Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0.7–3.1 mg/mL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 0.35–2.5 mg/mLLinked diagnostic testsFibrinopeptide A (FPA) Action Assay
- Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 6–30 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 6–38 units/LLinked diagnostic testsGamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Concentration
- GlucagonReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–147 pg/mL; Adult ( > 16y): 20–110 pg/mLLinked diagnostic testsGlucagon Concentration Test
- Glutamic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 135–240 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–1,100 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Glutamine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 1,600–4,000 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 3,000–10,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Glycine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 2,000–8,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 8,000–25,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- haptoglobin (Hp)Reference range example45–200 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testshaptoglobin (Hp) concentration
- Histidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 500–7,300 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 5,000–16,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Isoleucine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 40–150 µmol/L; Child (0 - 16y): 100–250 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 120–250 units/L; Adult ( > 16y): 100–200 units/LLinked diagnostic testsLactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
- LipaseReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 10–140 units/LLinked diagnostic testslipase concentration
- Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–125 mg/dL; 6y - 16y: 0–100 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsLow Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Concentration
- LymphocytesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 25–40 %; 700–3,500 cells/mm3Linked diagnostic testsDifferential White Blood Cell Count Tests, Lymphocytes Count
- Lysine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–1,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–3,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Methionine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 70–220 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 55–320 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- MonocytesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 3–7 %; 0.1–0.5 million/mLLinked diagnostic testsDifferential White Blood Cell Count Tests, Monocyte Absolute Count
- Ornithine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 40–165 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 50–800 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- PhenylalanineReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–16 mg/24hrs; Child (5 - 12y): 4–16.5 mg/24hrsLinked diagnostic testsPhenylketonuria Test
- Phenylalanine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–600 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 400–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Phosphoethanolamine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 250–670 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 200–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Phosphoserine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 150–350 µmol/L; Child (0 - 16y): 1,000–2,200 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Plasma thromboplastin antecedentReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 20–35 secondsLinked diagnostic testsActivated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
- Potassium (K, Blood)AbbreviationKReference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 4.1–5.3 mEq/L; Child (0 - 16y): 3.4–4.7 mEq/LLinked diagnostic testsPotassium Concentration (K, Blood)
- PrealbuminReference range exampleAll: 2–7 %Linked diagnostic testsCerebrospinal Fluid Protein Electrophoresis
- Proline (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–1 Not PresentLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Prothrombin TimeReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 10–13 secondsLinked diagnostic testsProthrombin Time (PT)
- Serine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 1,000–2,200 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 2,000–7,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Taurine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 600–9,800 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 2,700–13,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Threonine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 250–1,000 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 900–3,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Thyroglobulin (Tg)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y), Female: 0.4–5.6 ng/mL; Infant (0 - 1y), Male: 0.5–5.6 ng/mLLinked diagnostic testsThyroglobulin (Tg) Concentration
- Thyroxine (Total T4)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 6–12 µg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 5–12 µg/dLLinked diagnostic testsThyroxine (Total T4) Concentration
- Thyroxine Binding Globulin (TBG, Thyroid Binding Globulin, Blood)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y), Female: 1.7–3.6 mg/dL; Infant (0 - 1y), Male: 1.6–3.5 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsThyroxine Binding Globulin Concentration (TBG, Thyroid Binding Globulin
- Triiodothyronine (Total T3)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 1.1–2.43 ng/mL; Adult ( > 16y): 1–2.1 ng/mLLinked diagnostic testsTriiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration
- Tyrosine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 300–850 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 400–1,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Urine bilirubinReference range exampleAll: 0–0.02 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsUrine bilirubin Concentration
- Urine glucoseReference range example0–2.5; Adult ( > 16y): 0–2.5 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic testsUrine glucose concentration
- Urobilinogen (Urine)Reference range exampleAll: 0.1–1 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsUrine Urobilinogen Concentration
- UroporphyrinReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 100–270 nmol/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 100–540 nmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Porphyrin Concentration
- Valine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–400 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 200–750 µmol/LLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amino Acid Concentration
- Vitamin B12 (VB12)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 130–670 pmol/LLinked diagnostic testsVitamin B12 (VB12) Concentration
- White Blood Cell (WBC)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 4.5–10.5 million/mL; Adult ( > 16y): 3.2–10 million/mLLinked diagnostic testsWhite Blood Cell (WBC) Count
Often decreased
24- Albumin (Blood)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 37–52 gm/dL; Infant (0 - 1y): 4.4–5.4 gm/dLLinked diagnostic testsBlood Albumin Concentration, Protein Electrophoresis (Blood
- Alpha-2-Globulin (Blood, Serum)Reference range exampleAll: 0.6–1 gm/dLLinked diagnostic testsProtein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- AmylaseReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 25–125 units/LLinked diagnostic testsamylase concentration
- Apolipoprotein A (Apo A)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 85–170 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 77–155 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsApolipoprotein A Concentration
- Blood Urea NitrogenReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–18 mg/dL; Child (< 10y): 5–15 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsBlood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- CholinesteraseReference range exampleAll: 6–19 U/mLLinked diagnostic testsCholinesterase (Serum Acetylcholinesterase, Pseudocholinesterase)
- Creatine Kinase (CK)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 35–150 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 40–170 units/LLinked diagnostic testsCreatine Kinase Concentration
- EosinophilsReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–3 %; 0–3 %Linked diagnostic testsDifferential White Blood Cell Count Tests, Eosinophil Differential Of Total WBC
- Factor II (Prothrombin, Percentage of Normal Value)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 80–120 %; Adult ( > 16y): 80–120 %Linked diagnostic testsCoagulation Factor Assay (Blood CLotting Factors, Coagulation Factor Assay (Blood Clotting Factors)
- Factor IX (Christmas Factor, Percentage of Normal Value)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 60–140 %Linked diagnostic testsCoagulation Factor Assay (Blood Clotting Factors)
- Factor V (Labile Factor, Proaccelerin, Percentage of Normal Value)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 50–150 %Linked diagnostic testsCoagulation Factor Assay (Blood Clotting Factors)
- Factor X (Stuart Prower Factor, Percentage of Normal Value)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 45–155 %Linked diagnostic testsCoagulation Factor Assay (Blood Clotting Factors)
- Factor XI (Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent, Percentage of Normal Value)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 65–135 %Linked diagnostic testsCoagulation Factor Assay (Blood Clotting Factors)
- Factor XII (Hageman Factor, Percentage of Normal Value)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 50–150 %Linked diagnostic testsCoagulation Factor Assay (Blood Clotting Factors)
- Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 10.1–18.5 U/gHb; Birth - 2wks: 12–23 U/gHbLinked diagnostic testsGlucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Concentration
- High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 53–500 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 45–500 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsHigh Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Concentration
- PlasminogenReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 65–153 %; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 70–120 %Linked diagnostic testsPlasminogen Activity
- Segmented NeutrophilsReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 50–62 %; Adult ( > 16y): 2,500–8,000 mm3Linked diagnostic testsDifferential White Blood Cell Count Tests, Neutrophil Absolute Count
- Triiodothyronine (Free T3)Reference range example2.7–4.9 pg/mLLinked diagnostic testsTriiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine Uptake PercentageReference range exampleAll: 25–38 %Linked diagnostic testsTriiodothyronine Uptake Test
- Uric Acid, BloodReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 2.5–7 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 4–8 mg/dLLinked diagnostic testsBlood Uric Acid Concentration Test
- Urine AmylaseReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 400–6,700 nkat/dayLinked diagnostic testsUrine Amylase Excretion Rate
- Urine SodiumReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 41–115 mmol/day; Adult ( > 16y): 40–220 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic testsUrine Sodium Quantitative (24hr)
- Urobilinogen (Stools)Reference range exampleAll: 50–300 mg/24hrsLinked diagnostic testsFecal Urobilinogen Concentration
Introduction / full article
Hepatitis D Infection
Efficacy of Alternative and Other Treatments According to GRADE* Ranking:
Selenium Supplement [4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. IMPORTANT: Selenium is toxic in high doses. Massive overdoses can cause kidney failure, breathing difficulty and death. Selenium should only be taken at healthy levels which the body is able to tolerate.
Recommendation: no recommendation (Available evidene does not support claims that selenium helps to prevent or treat hepatitis)
Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence
Chlorella (Green Algae, Chlorella Pyrenoidosa) [4, 5, 6, 7]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: no recommendation (There is insufficient evidence to support claims that Chlorella helps to treat hepatitis in any way)
Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence
* www.gradeworkinggroup.org
Summary References
Treatments:
1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1955130?dopt=Abstract
2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188169?dopt=Abstract
3. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec03/ch027/ch027b.html#sec03-ch027-ch027b-448
4. Ades T, Alteri R, Gansler T, Yeargin P, "Complete Guide to Complimentary & Alternative Cancer Therapies", American Cancer Society, Atlanta USA, 2009
5. Nakano, S et al. “Maternal-fetal distribution and transfer of dioxins in pregnant women in Japan, and attempts to reduce maternal transfer with Chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) supplements...” Chemosphere 2005 Dec; 61(9): 1244–55.
6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11347287&dopt=Abstract
7. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/chlorella
8. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/selenium?sitearea=ETO
9. http://www.cancer.gov/Templates/doc.aspx?viewid=ED8AD8E8-6AE5-458D-8091-393F4CB73F0D
10. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-selenium.html
11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9290116
12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9829869
13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10335455
14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2136228
15. http://www.springerlink.com/content/v0r644v4ju5153k2/
16. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/283