Everyone Healthy Library
Anaemia of Chronic Renal Failure
Condition / disease reference page from the Everyone Healthy database.
Connected health information
Explore this condition in a clear order
Linked signs and symptoms
0No related signs or symptoms are listed yet.
Linked drugs / medications
3Medication information is educational only. A doctor or pharmacist should advise whether any medicine is appropriate.
Treatments, therapies and supportive options
3Grouped by treatment type. These are educational database links, not personal treatment recommendations. Evidence labels are shown only where stored in the EH database.
Linked diagnostic tests and investigations
54These are pulled from both EH diagnostic-test link tables, including the older large test-link table.
- 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) Concentration
- Acid Phosphatase Concentration
- amylase concentration
- Anion Gap
- Apolipoprotein A Concentration
- Apolipoprotein B Concentration
- Bleeding Time (Ivy Method)
- Blood pH Test
- Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test
- Calcium Concentration (Blood, Total)
- Carbon Dioxide Total Content (TCO2)
- Chloride Concentration (Blood)
- Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
- Creatinine Concentration (Blood, Serum Creatinine)
- erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- Erythropoietin (Ep) Concentration
- Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products, FSPs, Fibrin Breakdown Products, Fbps)
- Folic Acid (Folate) Concentration
- Glucose, Blood (Post Prandiol Blood Glucose Test, 2 Hour Post Meal Blood Glucose)
- haptoglobin (Hp) concentration
- Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
- Lactic Acid Concentration
- Magnesium Concentration (Mg, Blood)
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Weight Test
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
- Oxygen Saturation Test (Arterial Blood, SaO2)
- Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2)
- Phosphate Concentration (PO4, Phosphorus)
- Potassium Concentration (K, Blood)
- Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Protein S Concentration
- Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
- Renin Assay
- Reticulocyte Absolute Count
- Sodium Concentration (Na, Blood)
- Sweat Testing
- Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration
- Triglyceride (TGs) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine Uptake Test
- Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Urine Chloride Concentration
- Urine Estriol (E3) Concentration
- Urine Fatty Cast Concentration
- Urine glucose concentration
- Urine Granular Cast Concentration
- Urine Hyaline Cast Concentration
- Urine Lysozyme Concentration
- Urine Potassium (K) Concentration
- Urine Sodium Quantitative (24hr)
- Vitamin B12 (VB12) Concentration
Biological and test markers
84This visual map uses existing EH database links to show biological agents and lab markers reported as increased, decreased, or associated with this condition. These are educational relationships only; test results must be interpreted by a qualified clinician because ranges vary by lab, method, age, sex and clinical context.
Often increased
65- 1 Methylhistidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 450–3,200 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 700–8,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 10.5–14 µmol/gLinked diagnostic tests12, 3 Diphosphoglycerate (2
- 3 Methylhistidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 420–1,400 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 650–3,300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Acid PhosphataseReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y), Male: 8.7–12.5 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 2.2–10.4 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Acid Phosphatase Concentration
- Alanine (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 1,500–7,000 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 600–2,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Alpha Amino N Buryric Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–350 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 80–300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Alpha Aminoadipic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–1,700 µmol/L; Child (< 10y): 240–800 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Alpha-2-Globulin (Blood, Serum)Reference range exampleAll: 0.6–1 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- AmylaseReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 25–125 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1amylase concentration
- Anion Gap (Excluding Potassium)Reference range exampleAll: 12–20 mEq/L; All: 8–16 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Anion Gap
- Anion Gap (Including Potassium)Reference range exampleAll: 12–20 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Anion Gap
- Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 47–115 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 52–120 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Apolipoprotein B Concentration
- Arginine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 120–260 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 140–650 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Asparagine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 160–420 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 350–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Aspartic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 110–270 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 150–900 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Blood Urea NitrogenReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–18 mg/dL; Child (< 10y): 5–15 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- Carnosine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 350–2,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 170–1,300 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Chloride (Blood, Cl)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 97–106 mEq/L; Birth - 2wks: 94–106 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Chloride Concentration (Blood)
- Chloride (Sweat, Cl)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–50 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Sweat Testing
- Citrulline (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–140 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 0–100 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Creatinine (Blood)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 0.1–0.4 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Female: 0.6–1.2 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Creatinine Concentration (Blood, Serum Creatinine)
- Cystine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 120–540 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–1,200 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation RateReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0–20 mm/Hr; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 0–15 mm/HrLinked diagnostic tests1erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- Fibrin Split ProductsReference range exampleAll: 0–1 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products
- Forced Expiratory Volume At Three Seconds (FEV3)Reference range exampleAll: 95–100 %Linked diagnostic tests1Spirometry
- Glucose (Blood)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 3–6.1 mmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 0–6.1 mmol/LLinked diagnostic tests11fasting Blood Glucose Test, Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT
- Glutamic Acid (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 135–240 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–1,100 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Glutamine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 1,600–4,000 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 3,000–10,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Glycine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 2,000–8,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 8,000–25,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- haptoglobin (Hp)Reference range example45–200 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1haptoglobin (Hp) concentration
- Histidine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 500–7,300 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 5,000–16,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Isoleucine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 40–150 µmol/L; Child (0 - 16y): 100–250 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 120–250 units/L; Adult ( > 16y): 100–200 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
- Lactic Acid (Venous Blood)Reference range exampleAll: 0.5–2.2 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Lactic Acid Concentration
- Lysine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–1,500 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 300–3,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Lysozyme (Muramidase, Urine)Reference range exampleAll: 0–4 mg/24hrsLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Lysozyme Concentration
- Magnesium (Mg, Blood)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 1.3–2.6 mEq/L; Birth - 2wks: 1.4–2.2 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Magnesium Concentration (Mg, Blood)
- Methionine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 70–220 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 55–320 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Ornithine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 40–165 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 50–800 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Phenylalanine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–600 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 400–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Phosphate (PO4, Phosphorus, P)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 2.5–4.5 mg/dL; Birth - 2wks: 4.3–9.2 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Phosphate Concentration (PO4, Phosphorus)
- Phosphoethanolamine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 250–670 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 200–1,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Phosphoserine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 150–350 µmol/L; Child (0 - 16y): 1,000–2,200 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Potassium (K, Blood)AbbreviationKReference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 4.1–5.3 mEq/L; Child (0 - 16y): 3.4–4.7 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Potassium Concentration (K, Blood)
- Proline (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 0–1 Not PresentLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- ReninReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0.65–3.3 ng/mL; 16y - 18y: 0–4.4 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Renin Assay
- Serine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 1,000–2,200 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 2,000–7,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Sodium (Na, Sweat)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 70–90 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Sweat Testing
- Taurine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 600–9,800 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 2,700–13,000 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Template Bleeding TimeReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 2.5–9 MinutesLinked diagnostic tests1Bleeding Time (Ivy Method)
- Threonine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 250–1,000 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 900–3,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- TriglyceridesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 32–137 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 35–155 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests2Triglyceride (TG's) Concentration, Triglyceride (TGs) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine Uptake PercentageReference range exampleAll: 25–38 %Linked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine Uptake Test
- Tyrosine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 300–850 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 400–1,500 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Unrine Granular CastsReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–0 Not PresentLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Granular Cast Concentration
- Uric Acid, BloodReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 2.5–7 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 4–8 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test
- Urine ChlorideReference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 2–10 mmol/day; Child (0 - 16y): 15–14 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Chloride Concentration
- Urine Estriol (E3)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0–60 µg/24hrs; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 1–11 µg/24hrsLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Estriol (E3) Concentration
- Urine Fatty CastReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–0 PresentLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Fatty Cast Concentration
- Urine glucoseReference range example0–2.5; Adult ( > 16y): 0–2.5 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic tests1Urine glucose concentration
- Urine Hyaline CastsReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–2 /lpfLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Hyaline Cast Concentration
- Urine Potassium (K)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 25–100 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Potassium (K) Concentration
- Urine SodiumReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 41–115 mmol/day; Adult ( > 16y): 40–220 mmol/dayLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Sodium Quantitative (24hr)
- Valine (Urine)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 200–400 µmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 200–750 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Urine Amino Acid Concentration
- Vitamin B12 (VB12)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 130–670 pmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Vitamin B12 (VB12) Concentration
Often decreased
19- Albumin (Blood)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 37–52 gm/dL; Infant (0 - 1y): 4.4–5.4 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests2Blood Albumin Concentration, Protein Electrophoresis (Blood
- Apolipoprotein A (Apo A)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 85–170 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 77–155 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Apolipoprotein A Concentration
- Blood pHReference range exampleAll: 7.35–7.45Linked diagnostic tests1Blood pH Test
- Calcium (Blood, Total)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 8.5–10.4 mg/dL; Birth - 2wks: 7.6–10.3 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Calcium Concentration (Blood, Total)
- Carbon Dioxide Total Content (TCO2)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 20–27 mEq/L; Newborn (0 - 1month): 13–21 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Carbon Dioxide Total Content (TCO2)
- Creatinine Clearance RateReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 87–110 ml/minute; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 100–140 ml/minuteLinked diagnostic tests1Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
- Erythropoietin (Ep)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–36 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Erythropoietin (Ep) Concentration
- Folic Acid (Folate)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 14–51 ng/mL; Child (0 - 16y): 5–21 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Folic Acid (Folate) Concentration
- Hemoglobin (Hb)Reference range exampleFemale: 78–100 gm/dL; Male: 76–100 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests3Hemoglobin (Hb) Concentration, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Weight Test
- Oxygen Saturation (Arterial Blood, SaO2)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 95–100 %; Newborn (0 - 1month): 40–90 %Linked diagnostic tests1Oxygen Saturation Test (Arterial Blood, SaO2)
- Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen (PaO2)Reference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 80–100 mm Hg; Newborn (0 - 1month): 60–70 mm HgLinked diagnostic tests1Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2)
- Protein SReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 50–120 %; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 55–120 %Linked diagnostic tests1Protein S Concentration
- Red Blood Cell (RBC) VolumeReference range example76–100 fLLinked diagnostic tests1Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
- Red Blood Cells (RBC)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 3.6–5 106/mm3; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 4.2–5.4 106/mm3Linked diagnostic tests1Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
- ReticulocytesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 24–83 109/L; 0.5–1.5 %Linked diagnostic tests2Reticulocyte Absolute Count, Reticulocyte Count Percent Total RBC
- Sodium (Na, Blood)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 134–150 mEq/L; Child (0 - 16y): 136–145 mEq/LLinked diagnostic tests1Sodium Concentration (Na, Blood)
- Thyroxine (Total T4)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 6–12 µg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 5–12 µg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Free T3)Reference range example2.7–4.9 pg/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration
- Triiodothyronine (Total T3)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 1.1–2.43 ng/mL; Adult ( > 16y): 1–2.1 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration
Other associated markers
0No markers in this group.
Introduction / full article
Anaemia of Chronic Renal Failure
Efficacy of Alternative and Other Treatments According to GRADE* Ranking:
Molybdenum (Mo, Sodium Molybdate) [1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: No recommendation (There is insufficient evidence to support claims that Molybdenum has any affect on the treatment of anaemia)
Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence
Chlorella (Green Algae, Chlorella Pyrenoidosa) [1, 2, 3, 4]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: no recommendation (There is insufficient evidence to support claims that Chlorella helps to treat anemia in any way)
Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence
* www.gradeworkinggroup.org
Summary References
Treatments:
1. Ades T, Alteri R, Gansler T, Yeargin P, "Complete Guide to Complimentary & Alternative Cancer Therapies", American Cancer Society, Atlanta USA, 2009
2. Nakano, S et al. “Maternal-fetal distribution and transfer of dioxins in pregnant women in Japan, and attempts to reduce maternal transfer with Chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) supplements...” Chemosphere 2005 Dec; 61(9): 1244–55.
3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11347287&dopt=Abstract
4. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/chlorella
5. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/molybdenum
6. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/
7. Hassouneh B, Islam M, Nagel T, Pan Q, Merajver SD, Teknos TN. Tetrathiomolybdate promotes tumor necrosis and prevents distant metastases by suppressing angiogenesis in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007;6:1039-1045.
8. Cassileth B. The Alternative Medicine Handbook: The Complete Reference Guide to Alternative and Complementary Therapies. New York, NY: W.W. Norton; 1998.
9. Nakadaira H, Endoh K, Yamamoto M, Katoh K. Distribution of selenium and molybdenum and cancer mortality in Niigata, Japan. Arch Environ Health. 1995;50:374-380.